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The Truth - Biblical History Alignment

The Masoretic Text is considered the most reliable source for Gensesis 5 and 11 chronologies compared to the Septuagint (LXX) which might have been seen as a deliberate editorial revision of a text possibly to agree with the Egyptian chronology of Manetho in the 3rd century BC. However, if this is so then how can we explain the misalignment between the modern dating of the Egyptian dynasties and the bible using the Masoretic dating. Clearly we would need to back track and accept that the Septuagint was right all along or the Conventional Egyptian Chronology needs to be shifted. 

Alignment.png

Apart from proposing that there are gaps in the biblical genealogies, which wouldn't be true to the bible, the most logical approach would be to respect the most recent 'fixed dates and' compress early Egyptian dynasties by considering some pharaohs to have co-reigned or just been repeated.

Compression of the later dynasties was an idea put forward by David Rohl in his book 'A Test of Time'. Like a similar proponent, christian David Downs, they cannot fit king Solomon with the Iron Age IB period, a period where there seems to be poverty in archaeological finds (before recent discoveries). David Downs has practical insight into the reliability of carbon dating that is worth listening to [10]. In effect they would have the New Kingdom and the Early Iron Age pushed later so that Solomon would appear when there is evidence of splendour and well built cities, in the Late Bronze Age.

Israel Finkelstein, is among other archaeologists who take a biblical minimalism view. He attributes some features of the currently associated with the time of king Solomon with the later endeavours of king Omri. He see ideas of a united monarchy coming embellished from the minds of 7th BCE authors.[12]. However, this view is being overturned. Yosef Garfinkel and Madeleine Mumcuoglu show that the features of the Temple of Solomon as described 1 Kings is evidenced by comparative new finds uncovered at Khirbet Qeiyafa and Motza for the 10th century BCE.[13]. Further indirect evidence of King Solomon is coming to light: Eilat Mazar's excavation of what appears to be the defensive wall that Solomon built  in Jerusalem [16] and extensive copper mines in the south that have been re-dated to the time of Solomon. [17]

Keeping in line with the fixed dates, we have the view of Amihai Mazar. What may be needed is a balanced view of the expanse of Solomon's kingdom. Yes, we can consider it grand, but we need to realise that it was a hill top kingdom - it ruled from the heights [11]. The cities of refuge given accompanied by pasturelands (1 Chronicles 6:57,67) were strategic centres of defense under David [18]. Solomon, also applied heavy taxes, which could have contributed to the poor archaeological finds, together with the fact that the valuable items of the royals would have been eventually ransacked. 

Settling on the alignment that chooses the Masoretic Text as the most reliable source of chronology [1] together with the current 'Fixed Dates' of conventional Egyptian chronology (but a compression of the early Egyptian dynasties). Thutmoses III is the candidate for the pharaoh of the Exodus 480 years before the dedication of Solomon's temple. Steve Rudd gives excellent reasons for placing Thutmoses III as the pharaoh of the Exodus in 1446 BC and why he didn't die along with his army when the waters swept in at the Red Sea crossing [14] (though I have dated the Patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob differently).

With this alignment we then have the prospect of the pyramids being built a little time after the Flood, which agrees with the fact that Pyramids of Giza did not see great flood damage, In the time of the pharaoh Menkaure, who built the last and smallest of the three pyramids, we do see repeated local flooding that affected the administrative town below the plateau [15]. It's a bit of mystery why the town was built where it was - may be it was related to their ethos in regard to the purpose of the building the pyramid and the afterlife, with the pharaoh always needing to be placed higher. Indeed putting themselves in positions of power, they raised themselves up as gods controlling the regular inundations of the Nile, channeling the nutrients to irrigate the fields. This at a time when the Sumerians moved to higher ground because of the increased salinity of the soil and arid conditions [19]. It is easy to imagine Abraham living during these times when the king of Elam among other kings was looting in Genesis 14. 

Back to the biblical account: after the Flood we see Noah and his family being blessed.

 The Lord smelled the pleasing aroma and said in his heart: “Never again will I curse the ground because of humans, even though every inclination of the human heart is evil from childhood. And never again will I destroy all living creatures, as I have done.

 “As long as the earth endures, seed time and harvest, cold and heat, summer and winter, day and night will never cease.”

Then God blessed Noah and his sons, saying to them, “Be fruitful and increase in number and fill the earth.

Genesis 8:21-9:1

Then God made a covenant with Noah, his descendants and all creatures of the earth, giving the rainbow as a sign.

 “This is the sign of the covenant I am making between me and you and every living creature with you, a covenant for all generations to come: I have set my rainbow in the clouds, and it will be the sign of the covenant between me and the earth. Whenever I bring clouds over the earth and the rainbow appears in the clouds, I will remember my covenant between me and you and all living creatures of every kind. Never again will the waters become a flood to destroy all life. Whenever the rainbow appears in the clouds, I will see it and remember the everlasting covenant between God and all living creatures of every kind on the earth.”

Genesis 9:12-16

There have been considerable floods since this promise, so evidently we are not talking about a local flood here. 

We don't have to go far down Noah's family tree to find Egypt (or Mizraim), the son of Ham, the son of Noah in the Table of Nations (Genesis 10). Which was presumably followed by the construction of the pyramids once there were sufficient numbers to do the work.The Great Pyramid of Giza (Khufu's pyramid) remained the tallest man-made structure for more than 3500 years (surpassed by the spire of Lincoln Cathedral c. 1300). 

The Flood and the Pyramids of Giza have one thing in common - the cubit measurement unit, the length between the tip of the fingers to the elbow. It was a 'handy' measurement device for builders used in the building of ancient monuments and has it's first mention in the bible in the proportions of Noah's Ark. 

This is how you are to build it: The ark is to be three hundred cubits long, fifty cubits wide and thirty cubits high. 

Genesis 6:15

In order that the Giza Pyramids have sufficient number of workers (20,000-30,000) the increase in the earth's population from the Flood perhaps would take us into the times of Nahor and Terah who lived Ur one of the first cities [2][3]. The genealogical account in Genesis 11 from Shem, the son of Noah, to Abraham, provides a simple and believable narrative in which a lot of important events happened in a fairly short period of time. Following the Tower of Babel, language is confused and the sons of Noah (Shem, Ham and Japheth) separate in different directions. Ham's line went to Egypt, but we also follow the journey of Abraham from Ur in the direction of Shem's territories. In Genesis 12, Abraham avoids  famine by going to Egypt, where he meets the pharaoh of the time. They are strangers and yet there is an amiable atmosphere at first; they seem almost on par with each other in terms of social rank. Abraham after all has a sizable community he was head of, able to produced 318 trained men to go after marauding kings from the northern part of the fertile crescent to rescue Lot, his nephew (Genesis 14).

It is said that the Great Pyramid of Giza was built by Pharaoh Khufu of the 4th Dynasty and so is sometimes known as Khufu's pyramid but this is based on obscure marking. Alternatively restoration records from Khufu may indicate a slightly earlier time. Both points of view can be envisioned in the graphic below.

Post Flood Ppouplation and Myth.PNG

The story of the Flood is legendary and captured in ancient stories all over the world; no doubt the long lived descendants of Noah would have been revered. In many of the cultures the story became distorted into myths [4]. Only in cultures with a long history of writing or rigorous oral tradition can this be traced back to uncover the true story that we have in the Hebrew scriptures.. 

 

An excellent example is found in Chinese history were Noah is found to be Nü-Wa, and his son Shem (known as Shen Nong Shi) has a descendant Emperor, Huang Di, 8-17 generations down the bloodline. Shen Nong Shi (Shem) and Huang Di are tutor and friend [5]. Time spans are commensurate with the Genesis genealogies. Interestingly, there is a Jewish legend connecting Shem and Eber in teaching roles to the Patriarchs (Abraham, Isaac and Jacob), where Shem and Eber had set up a 'school'  (Beit Midrash - the word 'madrasah' in the Arabic world has a semetic root ) [6].

 

From the graphic above we see that when Noah died when Abraham was born - both given covenants from God, one not to destroy all life by water again, the other to bless all nations through Abraham. As we have seen in regard to the promise to Abraham, this is pertaining to the spiritual descendants as opposed to those of earthly descent from Adam. The waters of the Flood symbolises, the waters of baptism where we are saved through the death and resurrection of Jesus, giving us a clear conscience before God.

 After being made alive, he [Jesus] went and made proclamation to the imprisoned spirits— to those who were disobedient long ago when God waited patiently in the days of Noah while the ark was being built. In it only a few people, eight in all, were saved through water, and this water symbolizes baptism that now saves you also—not the removal of dirt from the body but the pledge of a clear conscience toward God. It saves you by the resurrection of Jesus Christ, who has gone into heaven and is at God’s right hand—with angels, authorities and powers in submission to him.

1 Peter 3 19-21

There is another baptism that John the Baptist spoke of, a baptism of the Holy Spirit and of fire, to refine us and purify us, that we may be change and dwell with God forever.

“I {John] baptize you with water. But one who is more powerful than I will come, the straps of whose sandals I am not worthy to untie. He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire. His winnowing fork is in his hand to clear his threshing floor and to gather the wheat into his barn, but he will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire.”

1 Jon 3:16-17

Jesus likened his coming to that of the Flood and there is no reason to think that both wouldn't be world changing events.

To be less subjective about the Flood, you may consider a more scientific approach to Genesis - I would suggest looking at the creation.com website. For example, in classifying Denisovans connection to the human race using genetics. [7]

The Flood story was twisted into the Chinese myth involving gods, and yet there are still elements on the original story lingering, for instance, the fixing of the sky with coloured stones which translates to the rainbow in this Genesis story. Understanding the place where the myth comes from helps us to understand the similar twisting of truth in different cultures and the resulting effect of believing in a lie or seeing the truth being reduce to a fable - here we see humans listening to another voice, similar to what happened in the Garden of Eden. We can be easily persuaded by our own personal scientific bias to reduce what we are prepared to believe, rather believing what the bible says and looking for answers that fit. A lot of this comes down to how we interpret the Hebrew text. For instance, even among Christians there is a divide between those who believe the in the size of the  Flood - was it local or was it global?

For forty days the flood kept coming on the earth, and as the waters increased they lifted the ark high above the earth.The waters rose and increased greatly on the earth, and the ark floated on the surface of the water. They rose greatly on the earth, and all the high mountains under the entire heavens were covered. 

Genesis 7:17-20

In previous decades, Christians didn't have the resources to overturn the the prevailing wind of world wide scientific opinion - but now things have changed. Christian Apologetic have released a video that is very scientifically convincing showing how the Flood covered the whole earth [8]. I am still to be convinced on a scientific basis regarding Christian Apologetic's Creation Days, rather I prefer to take a day in creation as a period of time like an era or age [9] – like we would say the age of steam, where evening (ereb) signals the end of creative activity and morning (boqer) the start of creative activity. ‘Ereb’ and ‘boqer’, being a literal device similar to the way we use the terms ‘ebb’ and flow’. The 'ebb' and flow' is characteristic of how the Jews counted the day beginning from the end of the evening, just God does it on a grander scale. Post Flood it took time for the earth to become habitable again - growth takes time.

 

Usually, many of the wondrous things that happen in the bible have a natural explanation, these can be classed as miracles. Yet there also miracles that can't be explained simply by nature as we see it, rather they are supranatural, like the healing of a crippled man or the creation of woman from man, The God is in command of all the atoms of the universe, he unfolds its nature. So if there is a natural scientific explanation for the unfolding of the universe that conforms with the biblical account, then I go with that, We don't necessarily need proof, but when there is a scientific explanation for what is in the bible, it is an encouragement to see God's hand at work. The who is more important than the how, but being mostly logical beings we are more persuaded by what is within our reach and that tends to be what is man's grasp of history (i.e. was has

been well documented - Jesus crucifixion for example).

The Pyramids of Giza are also interesting because they occupy that a very intriguing place in time (Post Flood) somewhere in the first Egyptian Dynasties, and yet they are also tangible; allowing close scrutiny from all different angles. We can look at them and the myths that surround them, we start to see why Egypt is portrayed as the bad place in the bible (usually in reference to enslavement). But we can also distill some simple universal concepts at play that the ancients recognised and the bible also employs in the numbers they use and their meanings.

Footnotes:

[1] Textual traditions and biblical chronology

https://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j29_2/j29_2_99-105.pdf

[2] Adam, Eve and Noah vs Modern Genetics

https://creation.com/noah-and-genetics

[3] Who Built the Pyramids?

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/who-built-the-pyramids/

[4] 15 FLOOD MYTHS SIMILAR TO THE STORY OF NOAH

https://www.mythoreligio.com/15-flood-myths-similar-to-the-story-of-noah-2/

[5] FUXI NÜWA & CHINESE MYTHOLOGY CLARIFIED BY MIAO LEGEND CONFIRMS NOAH’S FLOOD HISTORY!

https://ancientpatriarchs.wordpress.com/2016/02/08/chinese-mythology-clarified-by-miao-legend-confirms-noahs-flood-history/

[6] The Cave Of Shem and Ever

https://www.safed.co.il/cave-of-shem-and-ever.html

[7] Denisovans menace evolution—a new chapter in the human origins debate

https://creation.com/denisovans-menace-evolution

[8] Noah's Flood and Catastrophic Plate Tectonics (from Pangea to Today)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zd5-dHxOQhg

[9] Biblical reasons to doubt the creation days were 24 hour periods

https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/justin-taylor/biblical-reasons-to-doubt-the-creation-days-were-24-hour-periods/

[10] Timing is everything : A talk with field archaeologist David Down

https://creation.com/timing-is-everything

[11] First Person: Did the Kingdoms of Saul, David and Solomon Actually Exist?

https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/ancient-cultures/ancient-israel/did-the-kingdoms-of-saul-david-and-solomon-actually-exist/

[12] Israel Finkelstein

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein

[13] The Temple of Solomon in Iron Age Context

https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/10/3/198/pdf

[14] New Evidence for Thutmose III as Exodus Pharaoh in 1446 BC

http://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-date-1440bc.htm

[15] Egypt's city of bean counters suffered flash floods

https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21829204-200-egypts-city-of-bean-counters-suffered-flash-floods/

[16] King Solomon's Wall Found—Proof of Bible Tale?

https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/02/100226-king-solomon-wall-jerusalem-bible/

[17] The Central Timna Valley Project 

http://archaeology.tau.ac.il/ben-yosef/CTV/

[18] The Cities of Refuge

http://oldtestamentstudies.datascenesdev.com/judges/citiesofrefuge.asp?item=8&variant=0

[19] Sumer - Fall and transmission

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer

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